{"id":9579,"date":"2022-06-17T14:09:51","date_gmt":"2022-06-17T12:09:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/?p=9579"},"modified":"2022-07-07T22:55:32","modified_gmt":"2022-07-07T20:55:32","slug":"umelecke-opracovani-kamene","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/cs\/2022\/06\/17\/umelecke-opracovani-kamene\/","title":{"rendered":"Um\u011bleck\u00e9 opracov\u00e1n\u00ed kamene"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed k\u00e1men je materi\u00e1l, se kter\u00fdm jako prvn\u00ed pracoval prav\u011bk\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku to byly pouze n\u00e1stroje vyroben\u00e9 z kamene \u2013 pom\u011brn\u011b hrub\u00e9, ale schopn\u00e9 plnit sv\u016fj prim\u00e1rn\u00ed \u00fa\u010del. Pozd\u011bji se lid\u00e9 nau\u010dili brousit, a dokonce le\u0161tit povrch kamene a vytv\u00e1\u0159et nejen funk\u010dn\u00ed, ale i kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tehdy se za\u010daly objevovat prvn\u00ed kresby na st\u011bn\u00e1ch jeskyn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly z\u00e1kladn\u00edm \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bka. Ve skute\u010dnosti je primitivn\u00ed um\u011blci vytes\u00e1vali do skal tvrd\u0161\u00edmi kameny. N\u011bkter\u00e9 n\u00e1st\u011bnn\u00e9 malby byly ploch\u00e9, jin\u00e9 byly zn\u00e1zorn\u011bny plasti\u010dt\u011bji od\u0161t\u00edpnut\u00edm p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00fdch kousk\u016f horniny. P\u0159i zhotovov\u00e1n\u00ed kultovn\u00edch figurek pro starov\u011bk\u00e9 ob\u0159ady se vyu\u017e\u00edvaly tak\u00e9 \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 dovednosti. P\u0159esto\u017ee v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky byly pom\u011brn\u011b prost\u00e9, lze ji\u017e hovo\u0159it o um\u011bleck\u00e9m zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho kamene.<\/p>\n

Pozd\u011bji se n\u00e1stroje zdokonalovaly, schopnost pracovat s kamenem se rozv\u00edjela a p\u0159ed\u00e1vala dal\u0161\u00edm generac\u00edm a z\u00e1rove\u0148 byly p\u0159edm\u011bty vytesan\u00e9 \u010dlov\u011bkem do kamene jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a hez\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mramor se stal nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm materi\u00e1lem vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm pro kamenick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. Sv\u011btovou proslulost si z\u00edskala d\u00edla staro\u0159eck\u00fdch \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed vytvo\u0159ili n\u00e1dhern\u00e9 sochy a sloupy, jimi\u017e ozdobili mnoho chr\u00e1m\u016f. Mramor byl z p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti pou\u017eit na stavbu slavn\u00e9ho Parthenonu, kter\u00fd je dodnes zdrojem pot\u011bchy \u010detn\u00fdch turist\u016f. Sochy Michelangela Buanarottiho nadchly sou\u010dasn\u00edky \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho mistra a svou dokonalost\u00ed nep\u0159est\u00e1vaj\u00ed udivovat ani dnes, po stalet\u00edch. V rukou antick\u00fdch socha\u0159\u016f se v\u0161ak uplatnil nejen mramor, ale i dal\u0161\u00ed druhy kamene. Obrovsk\u00e1 egyptsk\u00e1 sfinga vytesan\u00e1 z jednoho kusu sk\u00e1ly, sochy Buddhy roztrou\u0161en\u00e9 v r\u016fzn\u00fdch koutech na\u0161\u00ed planety, statis\u00edce v\u00e1z, sv\u00edcn\u016f, soch a ozdob z \u010dedi\u010de, p\u00edskovce, nefritu, onyxu se staly v\u00fdsledkem usilovn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce mistr\u016f z r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed je vytvo\u0159ili v r\u016fzn\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Kultura kamene existovala v Rusku oded\u00e1vna. N\u00e1dhern\u00e1 kamenick\u00e1 d\u00edla jsou zn\u00e1m\u00e1 ji\u017e od starov\u011bku. V 18. stolet\u00ed existovaly speci\u00e1ln\u00ed kamenick\u00e9 d\u00edlny, z nich\u017e nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byly postaveny v Pet\u011brburgu, na Altaji a na Uralu.<\/p>\n

Ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 18. stolet\u00ed se dekorativn\u00ed v\u00e1zy z polodrahokam\u016f st\u00e1valy obl\u00edbenou ozdobou dom\u016f rusk\u00e9 \u0161lechty. K jejich v\u00fdrob\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edval jaspis, lazurit, orlety, malachit, nefrit a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tak\u00e9 mramor. Kamenn\u00e9 v\u00e1zy n\u011bkdy dosahovaly v\u00fd\u0161ky jeden a p\u016fl metru a pr\u016fm\u011bru dva metry. Mist\u0159i se sna\u017eili podtrhnout kr\u00e1su p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho kamene, zd\u016fraznit jeho vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed a rozehr\u00e1t pestrou hru barev a odst\u00edn\u016f.<\/p>\n

A\u017e do konce 18. a po\u010d\u00e1tku 19. stolet\u00ed se k\u00e1men opracov\u00e1val ru\u010dn\u011b. Kusy horniny se \u0159ezaly pilou a pro urychlen\u00ed procesu se pod n\u011b sypal brusn\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ek. Brusiva se pou\u017e\u00edvala tak\u00e9 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee bylo t\u0159eba do d\u00edlu ud\u011blat otvor, a hojn\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edvala tak\u00e9 k brou\u0161en\u00ed kamene. Rozemlet\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice kamene byly sm\u00edch\u00e1ny s brusivem a vodou a vytvo\u0159ily ka\u0161i, kter\u00e1 byla pou\u017eita k dal\u0161\u00edmu mlet\u00ed. Le\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm povrch\u016fm byl dod\u00e1n lesk pomoc\u00ed le\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pr\u00e1\u0161kem a plst\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nikita Bacharev, mistr z Uralu, se jako prvn\u00ed pokusil o mechanizovan\u00e9 opracov\u00e1n\u00ed kamene. Zkonstruoval stroje, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaly v lapid\u00e1ri\u00edch a le\u0161t\u00edrn\u00e1ch. O p\u016fl stolet\u00ed pozd\u011bji vyn\u00e1lez zdokonalil jeho \u017e\u00e1k Vasilij Kakovin, jeho\u017e stroje na \u0159ez\u00e1n\u00ed a vrt\u00e1n\u00ed kamene byly poh\u00e1n\u011bny vodou. To v\u00fdrazn\u011b usnadnilo pr\u00e1ci d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f a umo\u017enilo zkr\u00e1tit d\u0159\u00edve zdlouhav\u00fd proces zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed kamene.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zdroj: Dvamolotka<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed k\u00e1men je materi\u00e1l, se kter\u00fdm jako prvn\u00ed pracoval prav\u011bk\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku to byly pouze…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[380],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nUm\u011bleck\u00e9 opracov\u00e1n\u00ed kamene - Sv\u011bt Kamene<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"K\u00e1men je materi\u00e1l, se kter\u00fdm jako prvn\u00ed pracoval prav\u011bk\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk. 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