{"id":5758,"date":"2020-12-08T18:33:00","date_gmt":"2020-12-08T17:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beta.svetkamene.eu\/?p=5758"},"modified":"2021-10-12T08:39:54","modified_gmt":"2021-10-12T06:39:54","slug":"skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Sk\u0105d wzi\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 makadam? \u2013 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Szlaki, chodniki, drogi, autostrady, linie kolejowe, tzw. infrastruktura to \u201earterii przemys\u0142u\u201d, bez kt\u00f3rych nie mo\u017cemy si\u0119 obej\u015b\u0107.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:44px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u017bwir, t\u0142ucze\u0144 kamienny, w skr\u00f3cie kruszywo to chyba najprostszy produkt kamienny. Stosowany jest g\u0142\u00f3wnie w bran\u017cy budowlanej, a&nbsp;nawet nie chcemy sobie wyobra\u017ca\u0107 jak w dzisiejszym \u015bwiecie trudno by by\u0142o si\u0119 bez niego oby\u0107. Jego produkcja to obecnie niezale\u017cny przemys\u0142 o&nbsp;zaawansowanych technologiach. Obecnie stawia przed producentami kruszyw wysokie wymagania, zar\u00f3wno co do jako\u015bci kamienia, jak i&nbsp;jego czysto\u015bci granulometrycznej. Ta dziedzina kojarzy si\u0119 r\u00f3wnie\u017c z&nbsp;przemys\u0142em maszynowym, metalurgicznym i&nbsp;chemicznym, a&nbsp;tak\u017ce oferuje wiele ciekawych ofert pracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:46px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4>Troch\u0119 historii \u2013 Rzymianie<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Zajrzyjmy troch\u0119 na karty historii. Pytanie brzmi, czy w przesz\u0142o\u015bci do naprawy dr\u00f3g u\u017cywano \u017cwiru? Z&nbsp;pewno\u015bci\u0105 tak, ale w tamtych czasach u\u017cywano wszystkiego: \u201eCo by\u0142o akurat pod r\u0119k\u0105\u201d. Podobno szeroko stosowano piasek i\/lub \u017cwir, kt\u00f3re powsta\u0142y w wyniku naturalnego wietrzenia ska\u0142. Nie by\u0142a to zatem produkcja ukierunkowana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cesarstwo Rzymskie przekona\u0142o nas, jak wa\u017cne jest tworzenie nowych, wysokiej jako\u015bci sieci komunikacyjnych i&nbsp;utrzymywanie ich w porz\u0105dku. W cesarstwie miano wysokie wymagania dotycz\u0105ce ich budowy i&nbsp;utrzymania, poniewa\u017c drogi mia\u0142y znaczenie militarne i&nbsp;strategiczne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"242\" height=\"208\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.svetkamene.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/01-17.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5759\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Prawdopodobnie Rzymianie jako pierwsi ustalili sztywne zasady i&nbsp;wymagania dotycz\u0105ce budowy dr\u00f3g i&nbsp;ich regularnego utrzymania, kt\u00f3re w istocie obowi\u0105zuj\u0105 do dzi\u015b. W szczeg\u00f3lno\u015bci du\u017cy nacisk po\u0142o\u017cono na solidne i&nbsp;stabilne pod\u0142o\u017ce o&nbsp;zamkni\u0119tej powierzchni. Ka\u017cda droga by\u0142a lekko wkl\u0119s\u0142a i&nbsp;mia\u0142a ma\u0142y r\u00f3w na obu kraw\u0119dziach s\u0142u\u017c\u0105cy do odwadniania.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"369\" height=\"136\" src=\"https:\/\/beta.svetkamene.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/02-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5760\" srcset=\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/02-2.png 369w, https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/02-2-300x111.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 369px) 100vw, 369px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Wykorzystywano wszystko, co by\u0142o w zasi\u0119gu r\u0119ki. Nawet dla \u00f3wczesnego niewolniczego spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa proces budowy by\u0142 to kosztowny i&nbsp;czasoch\u0142onny, ale op\u0142aci\u0142o si\u0119. Niekt\u00f3re z&nbsp;rzymskich dr\u00f3g s\u0105 nadal w u\u017cyciu. W budowie dr\u00f3g bra\u0142o udzia\u0142 tylko wojsko. Ka\u017cdy \u017co\u0142nierz by\u0142 przeszkolony do podstawowych prac budowlanych, a&nbsp;cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 jego wojskowego wyposa\u017cenia by\u0142a ma\u0142a \u0142opatka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u015aredniowiecze nie ingerowa\u0142o zasadniczo w budow\u0119 dr\u00f3g. Nadal korzystano z&nbsp;tego, co zosta\u0142o po&nbsp;Rzymianach, a&nbsp;je\u015bli pojawia\u0142a si\u0119 nowa droga, by\u0142a w wi\u0119kszo\u015bci kurz\u0105ca si\u0119, zbudowana na fundamencie gruntowym bez specjalnej regularnej konserwacji. Oceniaj\u0105c dokonania \u015bredniowiecza by\u0142oby jednak niesprawiedliwe nie wspomnie\u0107 o&nbsp;tym, \u017ce pierwsze drogi szutrowe pojawi\u0142y si\u0119 w XV wieku. Jednak ze wzgl\u0119du na wysokie koszty ten doskona\u0142y spos\u00f3b budowy dr\u00f3g nie znalaz\u0142 szerszego zastosowania w \u017cyciu \u00f3wczesnego spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lomyatezba.cz\">www.lomyatezba.cz<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Szlaki, chodniki, drogi, autostrady, linie kolejowe, tzw. infrastruktura to \u201earterii przemys\u0142u\u201d, bez kt\u00f3rych nie mo\u017cemy&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":3004,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[366],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Sk\u0105d wzi\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 makadam? \u2013 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 1 - Sv\u011bt Kamene<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"St\u0159edov\u011bk do v\u00fdstavby komunikac\u00ed nijak z\u00e1sadn\u011b nezas\u00e1hl. U\u017e\u00edval d\u00e1l, co z\u016fstalo po \u0158\u00edmanech. Nov\u00e1 cesta byla v\u011btsinou pra\u0161n\u00e1.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sk\u0105d wzi\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 makadam? \u2013 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 1 - Sv\u011bt Kamene\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"St\u0159edov\u011bk do v\u00fdstavby komunikac\u00ed nijak z\u00e1sadn\u011b nezas\u00e1hl. U\u017e\u00edval d\u00e1l, co z\u016fstalo po \u0158\u00edmanech. Nov\u00e1 cesta byla v\u011btsinou pra\u0161n\u00e1.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Sv\u011bt Kamene\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-12-08T17:33:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-10-12T06:39:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/90c57ca8306bf148ef75c82407e738af_M.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"746\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"497\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Napsal(a)\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Martina Hovorkov\u00e1\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Odhadovan\u00e1 doba \u010dten\u00ed\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minuty\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/\",\"name\":\"Sv\u011bt Kamene\",\"description\":\"Port\u00e1l informuj\u00edc\u00ed o v\u0161em co souvis\u00ed s kamenem\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"cs\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"cs\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/90c57ca8306bf148ef75c82407e738af_M.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/90c57ca8306bf148ef75c82407e738af_M.jpg\",\"width\":746,\"height\":497},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/\",\"name\":\"Sk\u0105d wzi\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 makadam? \u2013 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 1 - Sv\u011bt Kamene\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/#primaryimage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2020-12-08T17:33:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-10-12T06:39:54+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/63ecc926d3eacc6248c818270a6bbe23\"},\"description\":\"St\u0159edov\u011bk do v\u00fdstavby komunikac\u00ed nijak z\u00e1sadn\u011b nezas\u00e1hl. U\u017e\u00edval d\u00e1l, co z\u016fstalo po \u0158\u00edmanech. Nov\u00e1 cesta byla v\u011btsinou pra\u0161n\u00e1.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"cs\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Dom\u016f\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Sk\u0105d wzi\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 makadam? \u2013 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 1\"}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/63ecc926d3eacc6248c818270a6bbe23\",\"name\":\"Martina Hovorkov\u00e1\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"cs\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/ab907f59548aa3bd3e4b7d266ef68fd1?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/ab907f59548aa3bd3e4b7d266ef68fd1?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Martina Hovorkov\u00e1\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/author\/hovorkova\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Sk\u0105d wzi\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 makadam? \u2013 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 1 - Sv\u011bt Kamene","description":"St\u0159edov\u011bk do v\u00fdstavby komunikac\u00ed nijak z\u00e1sadn\u011b nezas\u00e1hl. U\u017e\u00edval d\u00e1l, co z\u016fstalo po \u0158\u00edmanech. Nov\u00e1 cesta byla v\u011btsinou pra\u0161n\u00e1.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/","og_locale":"cs_CZ","og_type":"article","og_title":"Sk\u0105d wzi\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 makadam? \u2013 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 1 - Sv\u011bt Kamene","og_description":"St\u0159edov\u011bk do v\u00fdstavby komunikac\u00ed nijak z\u00e1sadn\u011b nezas\u00e1hl. U\u017e\u00edval d\u00e1l, co z\u016fstalo po \u0158\u00edmanech. Nov\u00e1 cesta byla v\u011btsinou pra\u0161n\u00e1.","og_url":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/","og_site_name":"Sv\u011bt Kamene","article_published_time":"2020-12-08T17:33:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2021-10-12T06:39:54+00:00","og_image":[{"width":746,"height":497,"url":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/90c57ca8306bf148ef75c82407e738af_M.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Napsal(a)":"Martina Hovorkov\u00e1","Odhadovan\u00e1 doba \u010dten\u00ed":"2 minuty"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/#website","url":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/","name":"Sv\u011bt Kamene","description":"Port\u00e1l informuj\u00edc\u00ed o v\u0161em co souvis\u00ed s kamenem","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"cs"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"cs","@id":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/90c57ca8306bf148ef75c82407e738af_M.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/90c57ca8306bf148ef75c82407e738af_M.jpg","width":746,"height":497},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/#webpage","url":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/","name":"Sk\u0105d wzi\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 makadam? \u2013 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 1 - Sv\u011bt Kamene","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/#primaryimage"},"datePublished":"2020-12-08T17:33:00+00:00","dateModified":"2021-10-12T06:39:54+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/63ecc926d3eacc6248c818270a6bbe23"},"description":"St\u0159edov\u011bk do v\u00fdstavby komunikac\u00ed nijak z\u00e1sadn\u011b nezas\u00e1hl. U\u017e\u00edval d\u00e1l, co z\u016fstalo po \u0158\u00edmanech. Nov\u00e1 cesta byla v\u011btsinou pra\u0161n\u00e1.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"cs","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/pl\/2020\/12\/08\/skad-wzial-sie-makadam-czesc-1\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Dom\u016f","item":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Sk\u0105d wzi\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 makadam? \u2013 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 1"}]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/63ecc926d3eacc6248c818270a6bbe23","name":"Martina Hovorkov\u00e1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"cs","@id":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/ab907f59548aa3bd3e4b7d266ef68fd1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/ab907f59548aa3bd3e4b7d266ef68fd1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Martina Hovorkov\u00e1"},"url":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/author\/hovorkova\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5758"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5758"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5758\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5761,"href":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5758\/revisions\/5761"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3004"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5758"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5758"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5758"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}