{"id":10544,"date":"2020-03-01T20:39:19","date_gmt":"2020-03-01T19:39:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/?p=10544"},"modified":"2022-06-29T17:44:36","modified_gmt":"2022-06-29T15:44:36","slug":"zula-to-zni-hrde","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/svetkamene.eu\/index.php\/cs\/2020\/03\/01\/zula-to-zni-hrde\/","title":{"rendered":"\u017dula, to zn\u00ed hrd\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u017dula je kr\u00e1sn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed k\u00e1men, kter\u00fd je po stalet\u00ed s oblibou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n ve stavebnictv\u00ed a architektu\u0159e. Slovo \u201e\u017eula\u201c se stalo symbolem pevnosti a odolnosti, ne nadarmo se tak\u00e9 \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u201etvrd\u00fd jako \u017eula\u201c. Tento po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fd p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed k\u00e1men se odjak\u017eiva pou\u017e\u00edval v\u0161ude tam, kde bylo pot\u0159eba vytvo\u0159it velkolep\u00e9 kompozice a architektonick\u00e9 celky. Mnoho staveb ze \u017euly se dochovalo dodnes a neztratily dosud t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nic ze sv\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u00ed podoby.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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STRUKTURA A BARVA \u017dULY<\/h4>\n

\u017dula pat\u0159\u00ed mezi vyv\u0159el\u00e9 horniny. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se j\u00ed tak\u00e9 \u201egranit\u201c, co\u017e v p\u0159ekladu z italsk\u00e9ho \u201egranum\u201c znamen\u00e1 \u201ezrno\u201c. Hornina je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b ze 60 % tvo\u0159ena \u017eivcem, ortoklasem a plagioklasem, 20-30 % tvo\u0159\u00ed k\u0159emen a zbytek biotit, muskovit a n\u011bkdy rohovec.<\/p>\n

R\u016fzn\u00e9 typy \u017eul \u2013 syenity, diority, gabra, labradority, monocity, te\u0161enity, \u017eulov\u00e9 gneisy a dal\u0161\u00ed \u2013 vznikly ve zna\u010dn\u00e9 hloubce pod zemsk\u00fdm povrchem vyvr\u017een\u00edm magmatu a jeho v\u00fdlevem do prohlubn\u00ed v zemsk\u00e9 k\u016f\u0159e. V\u00fdsledkem pomal\u00e9ho ochlazov\u00e1n\u00ed pod tlakem zemsk\u00e9 k\u016fry je hornina s charakteristickou krystalickou strukturou. Podle struktury d\u011bl\u00edme \u017eulu na jemnozrnnou (o velikosti zrna do 2 mm), st\u0159edn\u011b zrnitou (2 a\u017e 5 mm) a hrubozrnnou (nad 5 mm). Velikost zrna m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vliv na vlastnosti kamene: \u010d\u00edm jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je zrno, t\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je pevnost a odolnost horniny v\u016f\u010di pov\u011btrnostn\u00edm vliv\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Barva horniny \u2013 r\u016f\u017eov\u00e1, \u010derven\u00e1, \u0161ed\u00e1 a \u010dern\u00e1 \u2013 souvis\u00ed s barvou \u017eivce, zat\u00edmco leskl\u00e9 t\u0159pytiv\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice dod\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eule jej\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed kouzlo, nejsou ni\u010d\u00edm jin\u00fdm ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edm\u011bsemi sl\u00eddy.<\/p>\n

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VLASTNOSTI \u017dULY<\/h4>\n

\u017dula je velmi hust\u00e1 a t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1: jej\u00ed objemov\u00e1 hmotnost je 2,6-2,7 t\/m3<\/sup> a celkov\u00fd objem p\u00f3r\u016f nep\u0159esahuje 1,5 % celkov\u00e9ho objemu. N\u00edzk\u00e1 nas\u00e1kavost ur\u010duje odolnost tohoto kamene v\u016f\u010di pov\u011btrnostn\u00edm vliv\u016fm: d\u00edla vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 ze \u017euly nedok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b po\u0161kodit ani drsn\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky. Vysok\u00e1 odolnost v tlaku \u2013 od 1400 do 2500 kg\/cm2  <\/sup> – zaji\u0161\u0165uje dlouhou \u017eivotnost \u017euly. Zku\u0161enosti ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00fdrobky z jemnozrnn\u00e9 \u017euly si dok\u00e1zaly zachovat sv\u016fj p\u016fvodn\u00ed vzhled po stalet\u00ed a prvn\u00ed zn\u00e1mky rozpadu se objevuj\u00ed a\u017e po 500 letech.<\/p>\n

D\u016fle\u017eitou vlastnost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje vyu\u017eit\u00ed \u017euly pro stavby, dekoraci a vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed architektonick\u00fdch d\u011bl, je jej\u00ed snadn\u00e9 opracov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b le\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, d\u00edky n\u011bmu\u017e lze vytvo\u0159it tak\u0159ka zrcadlov\u00e9 povrchy, tak efektn\u00ed na pohled a p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 na dotek.<\/p>\n

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\u017dULA V D\u011aJIN\u00c1CH<\/h4>\n

Od starov\u011bku se \u017eula pou\u017e\u00edvala ke stavb\u00e1m r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f budov po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Sochy ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m Egypt\u011b, mosty v \u0158\u00edm\u011b, indick\u00e9 chr\u00e1my a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch architektonick\u00fdch pam\u00e1tek jsou toho p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm d\u016fkazem. N\u011bkter\u00e9 stavby byly zni\u010deny b\u011bhem v\u00e1lek nebo p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch katastrof, ale v\u011bt\u0161ina staveb dodnes dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 odolnost, velkolepost a \u00fa\u017easnou kr\u00e1su tohoto p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho kamene.<\/p>\n

Jedn\u00edm z vrchol\u016f renesan\u010dn\u00edho obdob\u00ed je slavn\u00fd \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fd kl\u00e1\u0161ter Escorial, pova\u017eovan\u00fd za osm\u00fd div sv\u011bta. Dal jej postavit kr\u00e1l Filip II. jako mauzoleum pro sv\u00e9ho otce Karla V. M\u00e1 tvar obd\u00e9ln\u00edku o rozm\u011brech 208×162 metr\u016f. Ke stavb\u011b jeho patn\u00e1cti galeri\u00ed, \u0161estn\u00e1cti n\u00e1dvo\u0159\u00ed, t\u0159in\u00e1cti kapl\u00ed a dev\u00edti v\u011b\u017e\u00ed bylo hojn\u011b vyu\u017eito r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f \u017euly.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj: dvamolotka.ru<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u017dula je kr\u00e1sn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed k\u00e1men, kter\u00fd je po stalet\u00ed s oblibou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n ve stavebnictv\u00ed a architektu\u0159e. Slovo \u201e\u017eula\u201c…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":11363,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[380],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u017dula, to zn\u00ed hrd\u011b - Sv\u011bt Kamene<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u017dula je kr\u00e1sn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed k\u00e1men, kter\u00fd je po stalet\u00ed s oblibou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n ve stavebnictv\u00ed a architektu\u0159e. 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